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High-Resolution Audio Requires Advanced Measurement Capabilities  

By Takahiro Nakajima, Senior Expert, Analog/Mixed-signal, Advantest Corp.

Smartphones supporting High-Resolution (Hi-Res) Audio are growing more widely available, enabling consumers to experience high sound quality when streaming music, movies or other content. To accommodate High-Res Audio, these devices integrate an increased number of power management ICs (PMICs) equipped with digital-to-analog converters (DAC), which require high dynamic range testing with 24-bit resolution.

This has, in turn, led to manufacturers’ increased demand for automated test equipment (ATE) with analog performance exceeding a total harmonic distortion (THD) of -130 dBc*, as well as the ability to perform 16 multi-site tests. This article details a solution for achieving both ultrahigh dynamic range performance and 16 multi-site testing.

Figure 1 shows a block diagram of a smartphone. Smartphones incorporate numerous semiconductors to drive power management, connectivity, sensors, displays, audio, cameras, and memory. In recent years, there has been a trend toward integrating the PMIC and audio coder/decoder (CODEC) into a single chip, as the figure illustrates. There has also been an increase in 24-bit resolution DAC, needed for support of Hi-Res Audio.

What is Hi-Res Audio?

The Hi-Res Audio specification – defined by the Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association (JEITA) – allows a much wider dynamic range than that provided by CDs. A Hi-Res sound source, such as 24 bit / 96 kHz or 24 bit / 192 kHz, is converted to data at a finer resolution than a CD sound source (Figure 2), so it has much more sound information compared to a CD sound source. This means that Hi-Res Audio is as close as possible to the original sound, enabling the listener to experience sound quality comparable to being in a studio or concert hall.

Audio testing

The four test methods required for audio devices are the tests for total harmonic distortion (THD); total harmonic distortion + noise (THD+N); dynamic range (DR); and signal noise ratio (SNR). Each of these tests determines various requirements associated with Hi-Res Audio, and together they create a set of parameters that must be met in order to assure the highest quality audio performance.

 Once these tests are completed, frequency weighting is used to obtain measurement values matching the sensitivity of the human ear. The frequencies people hear the best are in the range from 2 to 4 kilohertz (kHz), and sensitivity declines at frequencies that are higher or lower.

A-weighting is commonly used for the weighting network. SNR/DR tests often show analog performance when A-weighting is applied.

Measurement error occurs when measured noise can be calculated from the difference between device performance and measurement instrument performance. For example, if the difference between device performance and measurement instrument performance is 0 dB, the measurement error is 3 dB. If the difference is -5 dB, measurement error is 1.19 dB. This clearly indicates that the better the performance of the measurement instrument, the lower the measurement error.

Advantest solution

The T2000 supports three Mixed-signal modules (GPWGD, BBWGD,8GWGD) as shown in Figure 3.

Advantest has developed a measurement technique with ultrahigh dynamic range to achieve industry-leading levels of analog performance for 24bit DAC solution, by adding high-precision analog circuits such as a band elimination filter (BEF) at the front-end of its T2000 general purpose waveform generator digitizer module (GPWGD).

 The target performance for the T2000 solution was set to be 5dB better than target device performance in order to enable analog measurement with higher precision from characterization to mass production (Table 1). The test results performed indicated that the T2000 Integrated Power System (IPS) + GPWGD solution can address multiple challenges associated with Hi-Res audio testing, including high dynamic range measurement, power supply/GND design and isolation, high multi-site testing.

Mobile PMICs require digital, high-precision mixed-signal/analog, and power testing. As a product for automotive/industrial devices and PMICs, the T2000 IPS system can have a number of modules installed, as shown in Table 2. A high-precision analog function can also be added to the front-end of the GPWGD as a 24-bit DAC solution for Hi-Res Audio. For semiconductor manufacturing pre-processing, a wafer prober, probe card, and pogo tower can be combined together. The analog circuits can be equipped with 16 channels by mounting additional analog circuits in the user area on the wafer prober.

Measurement results

On the T2000 platform, analog performance was demonstrated with an ultra-high dynamic range, showing that the platform can achieve results beyond the target performance – as occurred when all of the audio tests listed earlier were conducted. Moreover, the results are consistent and repeatable, as indicated in Figure 4. When measurements were performed 200 times continuously with 16 multi-site tests, a typical THD result of -134 dBc was consistently obtained.

The results detailed in this article indicated that twice the number of multi-site tests can be achieved compared to conventional systems when the T2000 is combined with an IPS and GPWGD module. This makes it possible for the solution to support everything from characterization to mass production for PMICs associated with Hi-Res Audio. Future test efforts will take on the challenge of solutions for 32-bit DACs that require a higher dynamic range.

* dBc = decibels relative to the fundamental carrier power level; standard measurement for total harmonic distortion (THD)

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New Solution Available for System-Level Testing of Advanced, High-Speed Semiconductor Memories for Mobile Applications

Advantest unveiled its new T5851 STM16G memory tester for evaluating high-speed protocol NAND flash memories including UFS3.0 universal flash storage and PCIe Gen 4 NVMe solid-state drives (SSD), both of which are expected to be in high demand for the LTE 5G communications market.

The mobile and automotive communication markets are booming.  It is estimated that soon almost all NAND memory in smart phones will use high-speed serial protocol interface controllers such as PCIe and UFS, the majority of which will require system-level testing (SLT).  In addition, shipments of UFS memories are expected to nearly triple in the next three years and surpass embedded multi-media cards (eMMC), the current market leader.  By 2021, more than 800 million total eMMC, UFS and NAND smart phone units will be shipped, according to the market research firm IHS Markit.

The new T5851 STM16G system’s multi-protocol architecture makes it suitable for testing all SSDs with ball grid arrays (BGA) or land grid arrays (LGA) in both engineering and high-volume production environments.  Using one common platform reduces deployment risks while the system’s modular upgradability enhances users’ return on investment.

The universal, extendable platform has the versatility to test multi-protocol NAND devices with speeds up to 16 Gbps. The system’s tester-per-DUT architecture supports the test flows required for fast SLT of up to 768 devices in parallel.

The configuration and performance of the T5851 STM16G can be optimized for any generation of devices. Advantest’s FutureSuite™ software ensures that the new tester can be easily integrated with all other members of the T5800 product family.

As additional benefits, the new memory tester can be combined with Advantest’s M6242 automated component handler to create a turnkey test cell, it has a liquid-cooling system for reliable thermal management and it delivers superior reliability.

Shipments to customers are scheduled to begin in the second quarter of calendar 2019.

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In Vivo Skin Imaging Technology Developed to Aid in Early Diagnosis

 Advantest has developed a non-invasive method to achieve real-time 3D imaging of the vascular network and blood condition (oxygen saturation) of the living body, using a photoacoustic method to detect ultrasonic waves generated by laser irradiation. This method may be used for early diagnosis and monitoring of physical functions related to beauty and health.

As part of the “Innovative Visualization Technology to Lead to Creation of a New Growth Industry” project operated by Advantest’s Takayuki Yagi under the auspices of the Impulsing Paradigm Change through Disruptive Technologies Program (ImPACT), a program of Japan’s Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, an R&D group led by Professor Yoshifumi Saijo of Tohoku University and Noriyuki Masuda of Advantest has succeeded in developing in vivo skin imaging technology (1) that can simultaneously generate dual-wavelength photoacoustic images and ultrasound images.

Photoacoustic imaging is a method of imaging the interior of a living body by irradiating light into the body and measuring ultrasonic waves generated from blood or tissues that selectively absorb light energy. It is attracting interest as a new noninvasive imaging method suitable for measuring small blood vessels in the skin, which is difficult with conventional imaging techniques.

However, when using only photoacoustic imaging, even if microvessels in the skin measuring several tens of microns or less in diameter are imaged, it is impossible to ascertain which region of each layer in the skin they are in. In addition, it is possible to photoacoustically measure the oxygen saturation level of blood vessels (3) by using light sources of multiple wavelengths, but the movement of living bodies affects measurement results, so the use of this method has hitherto been limited to research applications such as animal experiments.

The newly developed in vivo imaging technology utilizes a focused ultrasonic sensor that can detect multiple ultrasonic signals. Thus, photoacoustic waves and ultrasonic waves can be measured with the same sensor, while signals are generated on two alternating wavelengths, allowing the detection of ultrasonic waves that image the microvascular network in the dermis as well as blood oxygen saturation (Fig. 1). A 6 mm square area of 2 mm depth can be imaged in about 4 minutes. Also, using the acquired data, mapping of oxygen saturation and the superposition of photoacoustic images and ultrasound images is possible.

Biopsy studies have proved that signs of skin aging such as spots and wrinkles are related to microvessels in the skin. The newly developed photoacoustic imaging method is expected to be used for monitoring of photoaging of the skin as well as other applications.

Figure 1: Example of forearm skin imaging.

Blue indicates lower oxygen saturation of blood vessels, red higher.

Read more about this novel and promising research technology

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The Duality of Machine Learning

By Judy Davies, Vice President of Global Marketing Communications, Advantest America

The term “binary,” with which we in the semiconductor industry are quite familiar, refers to more than the 1s and 0s found in binary code. It implies a balance, a duality that is present throughout the industry. This duality is found in our human makeup, as well. We use both intellect and feeling in living our lives, as we identify challenges and determine solutions.

If artificial intelligence and machine-learning systems are to truly think as humans do, it would seem that moving beyond purely digital computations will be essential. This means finding a way to teach machines to combine left-brained (analytical, data-based) with right-brained (intuitive, perception-based) thinking – i.e., the true duality of the human brain.

The work of John von Neumann has come to represent the left-brained approach. Beginning in the 1920s, von Neumann applied his genius in mathematics across a wide spectrum of projects. These included working on the Manhattan Project to construct the first atomic bomb; creating the landmark von Neumann architecture for digital computers that store both programs and data; and developing the field of game theory, which many high-stakes poker players use today to deduce future outcomes and win tens of millions of dollars.

The right-brained approach can also be described as emotional intellect. It represents more analog or interpretive thinking that takes into account human feelings and attempts to inform actions that are difficult to quantify. As an example, whereas von Neumann’s game theory is used to arrive at decisions through logical reasoning, poker players also gather information about their opponents by reading their body language and demeanor at the table. This is the right brain at work.

Neuromorphic computing involves making machines that more closely replicate the way the way the human brain works. Rather than being limited to solely digital processing, neuromorphic chips assimilate analog information, which is then interpreted for shades of meaning. This forges a path to creating neural networks that are aligned with how we think.

Already present in our lives is what can be viewed as a precursor to neuromorphic computing. When we visit an online retailer’s site, our interest in the products viewed and/or purchased is catalogued, grouped with the interests of other buyers, compared with those buyers’ previous purchases, and used to pitch us on buying other products that people within that demographic have bought. Pop-up ads, emails and texts claiming “You may also be interested in …” demonstrate how computing power is being applied to get into consumers’ heads and not just understand but influence their spending patterns.

Similarly, machine learning can be applied when it comes to guiding consumers’ future actions. Databases are being used both to predict our needs and to stock local inventories accordingly, ensuring that our local store or distributor will know as soon as we exhaust our supply of a particular item and will be able to offer same-day delivery of a replacement.

Factoring in product reviews from other members of our demographic group would allow retailers to draw high-probability conclusions about both our level of satisfaction with products we’re currently using and the likelihood that we may be willing to switch to a similar product from a different supplier. This educated guesswork will be based on “reading” your emotional decision-making processes. With this ability to predict future behavior, poker-player computers are assured continued dominance.

The state of the art in neuromorphic computing does not yet involve precisely predicting all of our next moves. The world of the Steven Spielberg movie “Minority Report” – in which savant-like “pre-cogs” can predict future crimes before they occur, enabling law enforcement to arrest criminals-to-be in advance – does not yet exist. But it’s intriguing to consider, and to wonder if we may actually get there at some point.

Would bringing the duality of digital processing and emotional intellect to fruition be highly beneficial, enabling digital assistants like Alexa and Siri to more accurately anticipate our desires? Or would it bring us a step closer to having our lives actually be run by the machines in our lives? One thing seems sure: If and when full-blown neuromorphic computing becomes a reality, it will definitely be put to use.

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VOICE 2018 Sets Records with Highest Number of Abstract Submissions from 13 Countries

Advantest’s VOICE 2018 Developer Conference returned to host cities of San Diego, CA, on May 15-16 and Hsinchu, Taiwan, on May 23, where successful VOICE events were held in 2016. The 2018 conference again set records, receiving 177 paper abstract submissions representing contributions from 13 countries. In addition to over 90 technical sessions, VOICE featured Partners’ Expos, highly rated keynote speakers, 25 technology kiosks, and multiple networking opportunities. Altogether, 565 people attended the events, greater than 60 percent of whom represented Advantest customers and partners.

The San Diego event registered 276 attendees, the most of any U.S. VOICE Conference, and included 66 technical presentations, while the Taiwan conference featured 25 papers. Greater than 50 percent of the total papers across both locations were either written or co-authored by customers from 27 companies. The papers were reviewed by a technical committee that included 30 Advantest customers from 14 companies.

With expanded in-app voting capabilities, attendees selected the best technical presentations and, for the first time, the best technology kiosk. At the U.S. event, Jonvyn Wongso from Microchip won best presentation for his paper “Port Scale RF with CTH: Sixteen Sites RF Testing of ZigBee Devices for an IoT Application.”  Ira Leventhal of Advantest was recognized for his kiosk, “Cost-Efficient and Smart System-Level Test for LTE/Cat-M/NB-IoT Devices.”

In Taiwan, Jeff Chen from Qualcomm accepted the best presentation award for his paper “Optimized Probe Tip Life Cycle at Wafer Probing by a New On-Demand Clean Methodology.” Advantest’s Kevin Fan won an award for his kiosk, “FVI16: Next-Generation Floating Power VI for the V93000 — An Instrument Introduction.”

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Advantest Logs 30th Consecutive Ranking as a 10 BEST Company in Annual VLSIresearch Customer Satisfaction Survey

Advantest has once again been named to VLSIresearch’s 10 BEST list, securing the company its 30th consecutive year as a top-rated semiconductor equipment supplier. Global customers also recognized Advantest as one of only three 5-Star companies in the Large Suppliers of Chip Making Equipment category. The survey, which received feedback from more than 94% of the chip market, rates equipment suppliers across 15 categories based on three key factors: supplier performance, customer service, and product performance.

In the 2018 survey, Advantest surpassed its score from 2017, achieving an overall score of above 9.0 for the fifth year in a row, and recording personal-best customer ratings in the areas of Recommended Supplier and Trust in Supplier.

Remaining a 10 BEST company every year for three decades is an honor and a testament to Advantest’s focus on engineering the world’s finest test solutions and delivering reliable service and innovative technologies.

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